The current state of refrigerants september 14, 2017 history of hvacr refrigerants societal demands continue to drive refrigerant innovations 1st generation what ever worked 2nd. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants. Distinguish between the refrigerants that have been in used in vapor compression systems up to now 2. Lesson 1 covers a basic understanding of refrigerants, including the history of refrigerants, terminology, and refrigerants types such as cfc, hcfc, hfc, natural refrigerants, and blends zeotrope and azeotrope. The initiatives identified in this report are navigants recommendations to bto for pursuing in an effort to accelerate the widespread adoption of lowglobal warming potential gwp refrigerants in residential and commercial equipment. Higher heat transfer coefficient requires smaller area and lower pressure drop. Class 1 refrigerants used in the standard compression type cooling system. R11, r12, r22, r4a, r744, r718 are least hazardous, while refrigerants belonging to group b3 e.
Refrigerants conference, gaithersburg, md, october 2930, 2012. Screwdx flooded systems commercial i heal industrial process cooling split system spot coolers roof. Refrigerants are classified according to their way of absorption or extraction of heat from substances stored in the refrigerator. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. Originally the title given was new and alternative refrigerants but i was also asked to.
Examples of secondary refrigerants include water, air, hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide, which are more environmentally benign than traditional refrigerants such as hcfcs. Refrigerant, secondary also secondary coolant, a liquid or gas that is used in refrigerating systems as an intermediate medium for heat transfer from the object to be cooled to the. Nextgeneration low global warming potential refrigerants. Selection tips for environmentally safe refrigerants a refrigerant is a fluid used in a refrigeration system to extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation. The refrigerant used should preferably be inexpensive and easily available. Boc offers a comprehensive range of natural refrigerants as well as traditional fluorocarbon refrigerants to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title. It covers foundation knowledge of refrigerants to underpin their safe handling and the safety of operators. This paper includes several test results for lowgwp refrigerants in chillers. Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps technical. Secondary refrigerants ontario recreation facilities association inc. Refrigerants temperature and pressure charts temperature and pressure chart for refrigerants r22, r410a, r12, r4a, r401a, r409a, r502, r404a, r507a, r408a and r402a tag search. Title demonstrate knowledge of refrigerants and their management level 3 credits 5 purpose this unit standard is for people who work or intend to work in the refrigeration and air conditioning sector of the engineering industry. A team was formed as part of the lowgwp alternative refrigerants evaluation program lowgwp arep to select and compile existing works of good quality that provide performance test information on natural refrigerants and lowgwp fluorinated refrigerants with comparison to the performance of an hcfc or hfc refrigerant as a baseline. Selection tips for environmentally safe refrigerants a refrigerant is a fluid used in a refrigeration system to extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation and reject heat at high temperature and high pressure during condensation. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition.
Refrigerants temperature and pressure charts temperature and pressure chart for refrigerants r22, r410a, r12, r4a, r401a, r409a, r502, r404a, r507a, r408a and r402a tag search en. Indirect systems with secondary refrigerants or coolants have in sweden long been used for ice rinks and heat pumps and are today increasingly used by supermarket chains for cold storage. The article focuses on the criteria for refrigerant selection, including discussion of the transitional refrigerants hcfcs, chlorinefree refrigerants hfcs, and halogenfree refrigerants. This makes the equipments compact and reduced the operating cost. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Selection tips for environmentally safe refrigerants.
As demonstrated in figure 4, the higher the mie, the. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Envirosafetm industrial 4a replacement cans safety data sheet according to federal register vol. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the. Working fluids in refrigeration cycles undergoes phase transition in cycles mostly before going to subject topic first of all we divide.
Modern refrigerants for cargo ships the refrigerant employed in the compressor, condenser and evaporator systems. Therefore, the refrigerant selection is a matter of balancing between advantages and disadvantages for the particular installation. Title demonstrate knowledge of refrigerants and their management level 3 credits 5 purpose this unit standard is for people who work or intend to work in the refrigeration and air. Modern refrigerants for cargo ships primary, secondary. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants section. Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated. The ashrae standard 34 also defines the classifications of safety for the refrigerants. Discuss the importance of selection of suitable refrigerant in a refrigeration system section 26. Water and brine solutions are common examples of secondary refrigerants. The unep refrigeration, ac and heat pumps technical options committee acknowledges with thanks the outstanding contributions from all of the individuals and organisations who provided technical support to committee members in the period 2015 2018.
The secondary refrigerant is then used to transport energy from the cooling object to the evaporator. They are therefore subject to the same legal regulations as r22 see page. Mie would allow greater charge sizes to be used for refrigerants with lower 2l burning velocities or for refrigerants that approach the nonflammable limit. Navigating that change has become difficult as regulatory pressure, media scrutiny and competitive forces combine to create a complex landscape of messages. As a result of the continued refurbishment of older installations, the importance of these refrigerants is clearly on the decline. The united states is now resorting to the development and use of hfcs to take the place these refrigerants. Working fluids in refrigeration cycles undergoes phase transition in cycles mostly before going to subject topic first of all we divide all refrigerants in following categories. Natural refrigerants r717 ammonia r744 co 2 hydrocarbon refrigerants fluorocarbon refrigerants. Oct 04, 2016 hey guys, refrigerants is nothing but. Fluids suitable for refrigeration purposes can be classified.
Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. They are therefore subject to the same legal regulations as r22 see page 8. Describe the basic chemical compositions of refrigerants and the numbering system. Therefore, the refrigerant selection is a matter of balancing between advantages and disadvantages for the particular. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5. This introductory course presents a basic overview of how refrigerants are used in. Indirect systems with secondary refrigerants or coolants have in sweden long been used for ice rinks and heat pumps and are today increasingly used by supermarket chains for cold storage, cooling.
The following pages contain pressuretemperature charts for the refrigerants. Secondary refrigerants allow the amounts of environmentally harmful primary refrigerants to be minimized and contained in a restricted area. The primary refrigerants are those that pass through the processes of compression, cooling or condensation, expansion and evaporation or warming up during cyclic processes. Second, because of its superior thermodynamic properties, ammonia as a refrigerant requires less energy than other refrigerants when used in large industrial systems. New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather. Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. Refrigerants pdf classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important.
Xoj 9617 sltlvd l l09l seqjeselolt\\l phll l thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants. Ammonia has been continuously used as a refrigerant since the initial practical use of the vaporcompression refrigeration cycle was developed. This article has been excerpted from a comprehensive white paper, refrigerants for commercial refrigeration applications, issued by copeland corp. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information. Classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and.
In developing this report, particularly the rtoc chapter lead authors were instrumental. We provide packages from laboratory samples to 15tonne bulk deliveries. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. Two of the most environmentally safe hfcs are hfc32 and hfc152a. Indirect systems with secondary refrigerants or coolants have in sweden long been used for ice rinks and heat pumps and are today increasingly used by supermarket chains for cold storage, cooling cabinets and freezers. Mie would allow greater charge sizes to be used for refrigerants. This project was made possible with american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 funds. Common refrigerants and environmental safety thermal systems. Primary refrigerant article about primary refrigerant by. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime.
Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. It has remained the main refrigerant used in industrial refrigeration systems because of its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. Refrigerants a refrigerant is the working substance in a refrigeration system and is generally a volatile substance which can remain in liquid phase at the evaporator pressure, although. Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants. Xoj 9617 sltlvd l l09l seqjeselolt\\l phll l thermophysical properties of liquid. Working principle under this heading, we have the primary or common refrigerants and the secondary refrigerants. Natural refrigerants overview brochure 63895 12 linde gas.
Pdf refrigeration and airconditioning play a vital role in domestic and industrial applications. Secondary refrigerant article about secondary refrigerant. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. Since odp depends mainly on the presence of chlorine or. Common refrigerants and their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp are indicated below. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they. Refrigerant report contents essential revisionssupplements vs. Natural refrigerants was developed as a joint effort between the national renewable energy laboratory nrel and cta architects engineers. This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change typically boiling, using the refrigerant s. Refrigerants can be broadly classified based on the following. Refrigerants having nonzero odp have either already been phasedout e.
Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant explained in detail. In all refrigeration, heat is collected in a suitable fluid and this fluid is. Dec 12, 2005 this article has been excerpted from a comprehensive white paper, refrigerants for commercial refrigeration applications, issued by copeland corp. Tyfoxit can be supplied both prediluted or as a neat solution.
This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change typically boiling, using the refrigerant s latent heat. Classification can be divided into class 1, class 2, class 3. Apr 12, 2020 refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. The current state of refrigerants ashrae puget sound. Dupont isceon 9 series reading a pdf file on ipad refrigerants have proven to be easytouse. Screwdx flooded systems commercial i heal industrial process cooling split system spot coolers roof windowwall existing system type r. Myths and facts of hvac refrigerants a global commitment to a healthy, sustainable environment is changing the refrigerant landscape for the hvac industry. Neat tyfoxit can be used at temperatures as low as 55 degc and therefore a single fluid can.